The National Museums Scotland (NMS) was formed in 1985, however, it originates from the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland founded in 1780.
The museum consists of:
- National Museum of Scotland
- National Museum of Flight
- National War Museum
- National Museum of Rural Life
- National Museums Collection Centre
The exhibitions display 8,000 exhibits, mainly Scottish archaeological monuments but also objects from around the world in the fields of geology, natural history, art as well as science and technology.

The National Palace Museum was originally created as the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City in 1925.
The permanent collection consists of nearly 700,000 exhibits of ancient Chinese artifacts and works of art collected by Chinese emperors. The museum has Chinese calligraphy, porcelain, bronze, paintings, jade. The museum collections present art from the Neolithic era to the present day.

National Palace Museum of Korea founded in 1908 as the Korean Imperial Museum. The museum occupies in Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul. In its collection, the museum has over 40,000 artifacts from the time of Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire.

Founded in 1856, the National Portrait Gallery tells the story of Britain through portraits, using art to bring history to life and explore living today. From global icons, to unsung heroes, our Collection is filled with the stories that have shaped, and continue to shape a nation. We celebrate the power of portraiture and offer encounters with some of the world’s greatest and most exciting new artists, promoting engagement with portraiture in all media to a wide- ranging public by conserving, growing and sharing the world’s largest collection of portraits.

National Portrait Gallery Forecourt, photo © Olivier Hess

Established in 1962, the National Portrait Gallery is part of the Smithsonian Institution.
The National Portrait Gallery tells the history of America by presenting portraits of famous Americans - politicians, artists, scientists, explorers. It has, among other things, a representative collection of portraits of American presidents.
The National Portrait Gallery has gathered over 23,000 objects.


National Portrait Gallery Building by Tony Powell, 2019

The National Portrait Gallery has been operating as an unassisted institution since 1998.
The national collection of portraits includes about 3,000 photographs, paintings, sculptures, drawings and multimedia.

The National Science and Technology Museum (NSTM) opened to the public in 1997.
NSTM covers an area of 19 hectares, the area of one floor is 112,400 square meters. It presents 18 permanent exhibitions in separate halls. Permanent exhibitions are devoted to: industrial history, air navigation and aerospace, biological technology, clothing and textiles, healthy living, food industry, energy conservation, machines, utilization of water resources, transportation, the diseases prevention.

National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened to the public in 2014.
The monument and museum in New York commemorate the attacks of September 11, 2001.
The museum collection includes, among others, over 40,000 paintings and 14,000 artifacts.

The National Taiwan Science Education Center (NTSEC) was founded in 1956.
NTSEC deals with broadly understood scientific education. It presents permanent and temporary exhibitions mainly in the field of natural and earth sciences, mathematics, physics, chemistry and materials science.

The National Textile Museum opened to the public in 2010.
The museum is divided into four galleries:
1. Pohon Budi Gallery presents the origin of textiles from prehistoric times to the present day and their development through trade,
2. Pelangi Gallery, among others, various types of batiks and their development over the years.
3. Teluk Berantai Galery, among others, a collection of gold embroidery, embroidered applications on velvet and silk,
4. Ratna Sari Gallery, Malay, Chinese, Indian and other ethnic artisan jewelry.
It covers an area of 3,145.3 square meters.

The history of the Nationalmuseum dates back to 1792.
Collections include:
- paintings, sculptures, drawings and graphics from 1500-1900, including the 17th-century Rembrandt collection
- portraits from the early Middle Ages to the present day
- the world's largest collection of portrait miniatures, with over 5,200 works
- porcelain collections
- modern art
- applied art and design
The collections number approximately 700,000 objects, of which 500,000 are drawings.

Nationalmuseum Stockholm, interior Upper Staircase. Photo Anna Danielsson, Nationalmuseum

Natural History Museum opened in 1881.
The collection includes over 80 million exhibits and is divided into:
- mineralogy
- botany
- entomology
- paleontology
- zoology


Photo copyright Natural History Museum

The Natural History Museum - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science (Museum für Naturkunde [MfN] - Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung) dates back to 1810.
MfN is one of the world's most important research institutions in the field of biological and geoscientific evolution and biodiversity.
MfN has in its collections, inter alia, the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a Giraffatitan skeleton) and the largest piece of amber in the world.
MfN stores over 30 million objects in the field of zoology, palaeontology, geology and mineralogy, of which 0.02% is exhibited.
The exhibition area is 4,400 square meters.

Dinosaur Hall in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, visible, among others, a fragment of a Giraffatitan brancai skeleton. Photo: Thomas Rosenthal

The Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, NHM) opened to the public in 1889.
The entire collection consists of about 30 million objects. Of which over 100,000 objects are on display in 39 rooms with an area of 8,460 square meters.
The collection includes, among others:
- the Venus of Willendorf, about 29,500 years old
- a sea mermaid that became extinct more than 200 years ago
- dinosaur skeletons such as diplodocus, allosaurus and iguanodon
- complete skeletons of large mammals, such as Deinotherium (hoe tusker)
- the largest and oldest meteorite collection in the world, with the Martian meteorite "Tissint"

© NHM Vienna, Kurt Kracher

NEMO Science Museum was opened in 1997, however it dates back to 1923.
Exhibitions are devoted to electricity and electrical engineering as well as DNA, chain reaction, production line, water cycle, human mind, metals, buildings and business. Part of the exhibition is a large science laboratory.
Consists of the NEMO Science Museum, The Studio, and NEMO Depot. It has a NEMO Schiphol branch at Amsterdam-Schiphol airport.
The collection includes over 19,000 artefacts.

© DigiDaan

Notre-Dame de Paris (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris) was constructed between 1163 and 1345, taking nearly 200 years to complete. It is one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture.
Key Features of the Style:
- Pointed Arches: Used in windows, doors, and vaults for structural and aesthetic reasons.
- Ribbed Vaults: Allowed for higher ceilings and more complex roof designs.
- Flying Buttresses: First used extensively at Notre-Dame, these external supports countered the lateral thrust of the tall walls, enabling larger windows.
- Rose Windows: Notable circular stained-glass windows, especially the North and South Rose Windows.
- Sculptural Decoration: Richly adorned with gargoyles, statues of saints, and scenes from biblical stories.
Notre-Dame embodies the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architecture, blending intricate design with engineering innovation.
Notre-Dame de Paris is treasured not only for its architectural grandeur but also for the historic artifacts and symbolic significance it houses. Here are some of the most valuable aspects:
1. Religious Relics
Notre-Dame is home to some of the most sacred Christian relics:
- Crown of Thorns: Believed to have been worn by Jesus Christ during his crucifixion. It is the most famous relic housed at Notre-Dame.
- Fragment of the True Cross: Allegedly a piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified.
- One of the Holy Nails: Said to have been used in Christ's crucifixion.
These relics are preserved in a specially designed reliquary and are venerated by pilgrims worldwide.
2. Stained Glass Windows
- The Rose Windows (North, South, and West) are masterpieces of Gothic art, dating back to the 13th century. They depict biblical scenes and saints in vivid colors and intricate patterns.
- These windows are not only beautiful but also an invaluable record of medieval craftsmanship and artistry.
3. Sculptures and Statues
- The Gallery of Kings: A series of statues depicting 28 biblical kings of Judah, positioned above the entrance portals.
- Gargoyles and Chimeras: Functional as rainwater spouts and symbolic protectors of the cathedral.
4. The Great Organ
- One of the largest and most famous pipe organs in the world, with five keyboards and nearly 8,000 pipes, some dating back to the 18th century. It is a cornerstone of Notre-Dame’s musical heritage.
5. The Bells
- The cathedral’s bells, especially the great bourdon bell "Emmanuel", have been iconic symbols of French history, ringing during major national and religious events.
Overall Dimensions:
- Length: 128 meters
- Width: 48 meters
- Height of Towers: 69 meters
- Height of the Spire: 96 meters